{"id":36,"date":"2006-08-30T17:56:47","date_gmt":"2006-08-30T17:56:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/"},"modified":"2018-04-23T16:30:32","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T21:30:32","slug":"introductory-essay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/","title":{"rendered":"<b><i>Introduction:<br>The Metaphysical Gates<br>of the Forest<\/i><\/b>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"left\">\n<p>by William Johnson,<br \/>\nProfessor Emeritus of Philosophy<br \/>\nBrandeis University<\/p>\n<p>\u00e2\u20ac\u0153Why is Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paradigm uniquely different from<br \/>\nall pre-existing paradigms?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d<\/p>\n<p>Compare three-and-a-half-thousand-year-old Jewish philosophy to a majestic oak tree: roots, trunk, large branches, smaller branches and then leaves. Then figuratively, many of the daring medieval (Golden Age) Jewish philosophers often dealt with the trunk and the major branches, while many modern Jewish philosophers often deal with some of the branches, some larger, some smaller, and some of the interesting leaves. The Kabbalists often dealt with the roots, but generally from an acutely mystical, esoteric, and generally, obscure fashion.<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum maintains that the structural weaknesses in existing philosophical constructs, leave one no choice but to go after the major root. That if one gets a handle on the major root, one gets-a-handle not only on the major root system, and not only on the entire tree, but, indeed, on the entire forest. That is, one will have in-hand the hitherto elusive key to the gate of the mythical metaphysical forest.<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum, whose works are rooted partially in Lurianic Kabbalah, goes for the root of the roots \u00e2\u20ac\u201c the tap root \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and in a non\u00e2\u20ac\u201cmystical fashion. As a Master Diamond Cleaver might attempt to cleave an extraordinary and large rough diamond with one deft tap, so too Birnbaum proposes to crack-the-cosmic-code with one deft dynamic.<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum the conceptual theorist searched for a unique, transcendent dynamic which might, on-the-one-hand, almost by definition, be Eternal, and which, on-the-other-hand, could possibly be infinitely dynamic. He conceptualizes a candidate: Potential\/Possibility. Then Birnbaum asks himself if that dynamic \u00e2\u20ac\u201c multiplied infinite-fold \u00e2\u20ac\u201c could possibly achieve the necessary \u00e2\u20ac\u02dctraction\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 to ignite and then propel a cosmos? He emerges with Quest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup> (recursive to the infinite power).<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s approach and solution lies on the fault-line between Western and Eastern philosophy. Birnbaum avoids both classic Western linearity, as well as classic Eastern circularity in his formulation. However he will employ demanding Western Aristotelian deductive reasoning \u00e2\u20ac\u201c as well as a plethora of Eastern concepts of complementarity.<\/p>\n<p>Dealing in the realms of the infinite, Birnbaum in Book #1 brings-to-bear his original concepts of INFINITY-POTENTIAL, RECURSIVENESS-POTENTIAL and leveraged\u00e2\u20ac\u201c RETROACTIVITY-POTENTIAL, all in fashions certainly not employed previously in metaphysics or philosophy. He crafts his metaphysics methodically and very carefully anchored, while keeping a careful eye on the outer boundaries of Jewish theological tradition and doctrine.<\/p>\n<p>Moving to fill-out his overarching metaphysics, Birnbaum in Book #2 will daringly conceptualize and propose a series of sophisticated \u00e2\u20ac\u02dccosmic metaphysical tools\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. The approach \u00e2\u20ac\u201c as well as the arsenal of \u00e2\u20ac\u02dctools\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 \u00e2\u20ac\u201c is original and powerful. In combination with Quest for Potential\u00e2\u02c6\u017e, these \u00e2\u20ac\u02dctools\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 drive the cosmic engine of Quest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In Book #2, one of the key tools Birnbaum introduces is \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcExtraordinariation\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. Coupled with \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcQuest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup>\u00e2\u20ac\u2122, this original concept will be employed by the author along with his core proposition, as a daring philosophical 1-2 punch.<\/p>\n<p>The series of \u00e2\u20ac\u02dccosmic tools\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 \u00e2\u20ac\u201c employed in combination with the above-noted three particular \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcrealm-of-the-infinite concepts\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 \u00e2\u20ac\u201c merged with yeshiva scholar Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s re-engineering of historical Lurianic and Hasidic concepts \u00e2\u20ac\u201c net him his unified, overarching metaphysics. Deftly employing his key components, he sculpts his metaphysical diamond key \u00e2\u20ac\u201c which he will use to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153unlock-the-cosmic-lock\u00e2\u20ac\u009d to the metaphysical \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Gates of the Forest\u00e2\u20ac\u009d.<\/p>\n<p>Bringing to bear a repertoire of scholarship and a wide gamut of skills, conceptual theorist Birnbaum \u00e2\u20ac\u201c whose Book #1 I have assigned to Masters Degree candidates at Brandeis in Advanced Religious Philosophy in the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dc90s \u00e2\u20ac\u201c methodically builds his carefully constructed case. Resolutely stalking-his-quarry, the author surrounds and entraps it in one conceptual net after another.<\/p>\n<p>In Book #1, God and Evil, Birnbaum does so from a Theological-Academic-Philosophical-Metaphysical perspective (encapsulated in his section 99.00 Unified Formulation in that book).<\/p>\n<p>In Book #2 Birnbaum constructs his case first within a Metaphysical \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Philosophical construct (\u00e2\u20ac\u0153The Cosmic Womb of Potential\u00e2\u20ac\u009d). Moving into Section 2 of the second book, he builds his case within a Poetic-Mythical perspective (\u00e2\u20ac\u0153God\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s 120 Guardian Angels\u00e2\u20ac\u009d) and then, finally, moving into the final section of the second book, (\u00e2\u20ac\u0153The Lost Manual\u00e2\u20ac\u009d) Section 3 of God and Good, he builds his case within a Holistic-Self-Actualization-Wisdom book construct.<\/p>\n<p>Yeshiva Dov Revel\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s inquiring-mind student in the late \u00e2\u20ac\u02dc50s, Birnbaum in 2006 believes that the elusive quarry is now finally trapped and cornered. \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcForged-in-intellectual-fire\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 under the multi-year tutelage of his rebbe and mentor \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Yeshiva University\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s legendary Rav Shmuel Scheinberg \u00e2\u20ac\u201c yeshiva-educated Birnbaum believes he has not only firmly anchored his work meticulously in the Torah itself, but has erected fairly impregnable theological shields via the works of Rashi, Ibn Daud, Luria and Abraham Isaac Kook, in particular, to protect his Right flanks. Simultaneously, Harvard grad Birnbaum believes he has the Aristotelian camp and St. Thomas Aquinas intellectually at-bay on his Left flanks. He anticipates, probably correctly, that the Eastern philosophical camps will grant him \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcsafe passage\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. 18 years after the publication of <em>God and Evil<\/em> (1988) he is \u00e2\u20ac\u0153good-to-go\u00e2\u20ac\u009d for his long-awaited final assault on the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcthrone room\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 of the Cosmic Code.<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s works are dressed in establishment Aristotelian-style garb; but their soul is Lurianic. This unusual duality compounds the power of his works.<\/p>\n<p>Modern-day Kabbalists are highly likely to be simpatico to his treatise: After 450 years on the very periphery of mainstream philosophy, Kabbalist Luria\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s ostensibly mystical 16th century <em>En Sof<\/em> is re-engineered by the author, and is now enshrined as a metaphysical centerpiece-anchor of Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s formidable 21st century major opus, <em>Summa Metaphysica<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>According to the Author, only \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcpossibility\u00e2\u20ac\u2122\u00e2\u20ac\u201c or its first-cousin \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcpotentiality\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 \u00e2\u20ac\u201c could have existed eternally.<br \/>\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153BY DEFINITION\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, according to the Author.<\/p>\n<p>This is key \u00e2\u20ac\u201c because, aside from the elegance and power of the SUMMA formulation, \u00e2\u20ac\u0153BY DEFINITION\u00e2\u20ac\u009d is what may very well render this construct quite uniquely \u00e2\u20ac\u0153bullet-proof\u00e2\u20ac\u009d, and further secure its position in the pantheon of philosophy. By definition, according to the Author, only \u00e2\u20ac\u0153<em>Eheyeh<\/em>\u00e2\u20ac\u009d \u00e2\u20ac\u201c \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcpossibility\/potentiality\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 (<em>Eheyeh Asher Eheyeh<\/em> \u00e2\u20ac\u201c I WILL BE THAT WHICH I WILL BE) \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Luria\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s \u00e2\u20ac\u0153En Sof\u00e2\u20ac\u009d \u00e2\u20ac\u201c can be eternal.<\/p>\n<p>According to Birnbaum, METAPHYSICAL POTENTIALS\u00e2\u20ac\u201cin parallel to Luria\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s <em>sefirot<\/em>, Rashi\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s angels\u00e2\u20ac\u201care the offspring. Our cosmos, in turn, is a latter-level reality-morphing of the same transcendent metaphysical dynamic. Philosophically and theologically elegant. As these esoteric matters go, Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s formulation \u00e2\u20ac\u0153keeps it simple\u00e2\u20ac\u009d \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and straightforward enough.<\/p>\n<p>Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Quest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup> (recursive to the infinite power), after Luria\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s <em>En Sof<\/em>, is the turbo-charged version of \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcpotential\/possibility\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. And everything, absolutely everything according to the Author\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s hypothesis, is both part of \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and driven by \u00e2\u20ac\u201c this one overarching<em> sui generis <\/em>transcendent dynamic. (The Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hassidism, would certainly smile.)<\/p>\n<p>Simply put, Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Summa Metaphysica proposition attempts to totally overhaul the way the world \u00e2\u20ac\u201c East and West \u00e2\u20ac\u201c looks at \u00e2\u20ac\u201c absolutely everything. Everything.<\/p>\n<p>His proposed paradigm endeavors to totally change the contours and boundaries of, among other fields, Philosophy, Metaphysics, Cosmology, Cosmogony, Physics and Biology, for starters.<\/p>\n<p>As of this November, 2006, Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s key proposition of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153<em>Eheyeh<\/em>\u00e2\u20ac\u009d \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Holy Quest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup> (recursive to the Infinite power) \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and the Unified Formulation meticulously articulated therein \u00e2\u20ac\u201c will have withstood 18 years of international scrutiny since the publication of <em>God and Evil <\/em>by KTAV in November 1988.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif\" \/><br \/>\n~continued~<\/p>\n<p><!--COPY THIS ENTIRE CODE TO START TABLE--><\/p>\n<hr width=\"80%\" size=\"1\" align=\"left\" \/>\n<table width=\"314\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/extract-from-book-i-foreword\/\">&lt; BACK<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50px\"><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/2\/\">NEXT PAGE&gt;<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--END OF TABLE--><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<p>The Author posits: Discern and delineate the \u00e2\u20ac\u0153highest\u00e2\u20ac\u201ccommon\u00e2\u20ac\u201cdenominator\u00e2\u20ac\u009d in the cosmos \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and that will lead you to the essence and core of Eternity and, consequently, of the infinite Divine; Conceptualize\/discern an all-embracing unifying dynamic in the cosmos \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and, directly flowing from that dynamic all major philosophical conundrums will melt before your eyes. Discern the dynamic \u00e2\u20ac\u201c and the key missing pieces in all the major sciences \u00e2\u20ac\u201c including physics, anthropology and biology, let alone theology\/ philosophy\/metaphysics \u00e2\u20ac\u201c will inexorably fall\u00e2\u20ac\u201cinto\u00e2\u20ac\u201cplace, as well.<\/p>\n<p>According to the Author, Quest for Potential<sup>\u00e2\u02c6\u017e<\/sup> (to the infinite recursive power) is the Holy Qi that flows through Creation, through the smallest cell, through the oak tree, through Beethoven\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s symphonies, through the athlete, the hunter and the shop keeper, through the sunflower and butterfly, through the Biblical texts and through the far reaches of the Milky Way and the cosmos beyond. It flows through the lovers\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 twinkle, the baby\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s smile, and the intricate nine extraordinary months of fetal development.<\/p>\n<p>However, a concept of the order of potential power noted above, is not proffered forth every day. It is challenging to \u00e2\u20ac\u0153get one\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s arms around it\u00e2\u20ac\u009d. And, as noted above, the philosophical writer Birnbaum has employed two complete inter-related masterworks \u00e2\u20ac\u201c conceptualized and crafted over multiple decades \u00e2\u20ac\u201c to achieve that ambitious and formidable end.<\/p>\n<p>Yeshiva Dov Revel\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s 1964 valedictorian has now completed his final homework assignment.<\/p>\n<p><em>Summa Metaphysica<\/em> will emerge as a pivotal landmark work in the history of ideas.<\/p>\n<p>William Johnson<br \/>\nWaltham, Mass.<br \/>\nFall, 2006<\/p>\n<p>(With credit for the idea for the title of this piece to Elie Wiesel&#8217;s, <em>The Gates of the Forest<\/em>.)<br \/>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif\" \/><br \/>\n<!--COPY THIS ENTIRE CODE TO START TABLE--><\/p>\n<hr width=\"80%\" size=\"1\" align=\"left\" \/>\n<table width=\"314\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/\">&lt; BACK<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50px\"><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/definitions\/\">NEXT PAGE&gt;<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--END OF TABLE--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by William Johnson, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Brandeis University \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Why is Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paradigm uniquely different from all pre-existing paradigms?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d Compare three-and-a-half-thousand-year-old Jewish philosophy to a majestic oak tree: roots, trunk, large branches, smaller branches and then leaves. Then figuratively, many of the daring medieval (Golden Age) Jewish philosophers often dealt with the trunk and the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v18.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Introduction:The Metaphysical Gatesof the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Introduction:The Metaphysical Gatesof the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by William Johnson, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Brandeis University \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Why is Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paradigm uniquely different from all pre-existing paradigms?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d Compare three-and-a-half-thousand-year-old Jewish philosophy to a majestic oak tree: roots, trunk, large branches, smaller branches and then leaves. Then figuratively, many of the daring medieval (Golden Age) Jewish philosophers often dealt with the trunk and the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2006-08-30T17:56:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-04-23T21:30:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Summa Metaphysica\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/\",\"name\":\"David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/\",\"name\":\"Introduction: The Metaphysical Gates of the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2006-08-30T17:56:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-04-23T21:30:32+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/2fc8042e6d025ad5abc588429a423a6a\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/2fc8042e6d025ad5abc588429a423a6a\",\"name\":\"Summa Metaphysica\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a0d6b5446ca8c576cc3cc68bee15d7dd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a0d6b5446ca8c576cc3cc68bee15d7dd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Summa Metaphysica\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/author\/summagg-admin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Introduction:The Metaphysical Gatesof the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/","next":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Introduction:The Metaphysical Gatesof the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II","og_description":"by William Johnson, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Brandeis University \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Why is Birnbaum\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paradigm uniquely different from all pre-existing paradigms?\u00e2\u20ac\u009d Compare three-and-a-half-thousand-year-old Jewish philosophy to a majestic oak tree: roots, trunk, large branches, smaller branches and then leaves. Then figuratively, many of the daring medieval (Golden Age) Jewish philosophers often dealt with the trunk and the [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/","og_site_name":"David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II","article_published_time":"2006-08-30T17:56:47+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-04-23T21:30:32+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif"}],"twitter_card":"summary","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Summa Metaphysica","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/","name":"David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/summametaphysica.com\/gg\/50vert.gif"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/","name":"Introduction: The Metaphysical Gates of the Forest - David Birnbaum Summa Metaphysica II","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2006-08-30T17:56:47+00:00","dateModified":"2018-04-23T21:30:32+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/2fc8042e6d025ad5abc588429a423a6a"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/introductory-essay\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/2fc8042e6d025ad5abc588429a423a6a","name":"Summa Metaphysica","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a0d6b5446ca8c576cc3cc68bee15d7dd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a0d6b5446ca8c576cc3cc68bee15d7dd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Summa Metaphysica"},"url":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/author\/summagg-admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":198,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions\/198"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.summametaphysica.com\/gg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}